[google_maps_flutter] Add iOS SDK 10.x support

[stuartmorgan-g]

Adds support for Google Maps SDK 10.x.

The new ios16/ example is just a copy of ios15/ with the min deployment version changed.

Previously I had intended to do this as part of adding SPM support, but separating them allows landing this sooner, and will reduce the complexity of the SPM addition.

Fixes flutter/flutter#180272

Pre-Review Checklist

• I read the Contributor Guide and followed the process outlined there for submitting PRs.
• I read the Tree Hygiene page, which explains my responsibilities.
• I read and followed the relevant style guides and ran the auto-formatter.
• I signed the CLA.
• The title of the PR starts with the name of the package surrounded by square brackets, e.g. [shared_preferences]
• I linked to at least one issue that this PR fixes in the description above.
• I updated pubspec.yaml with an appropriate new version according to the pub versioning philosophy, or I have commented below to indicate which version change exemption this PR falls under¹.
• I updated CHANGELOG.md to add a description of the change, following repository CHANGELOG style, or I have commented below to indicate which CHANGELOG exemption this PR falls under¹.
• I updated/added any relevant documentation (doc comments with ///).
• I added new tests to check the change I am making, or I have commented below to indicate which test exemption this PR falls under¹.
• All existing and new tests are passing.

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Footnotes

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[gemini-code-assist]

Code Review

This pull request adds support for Google Maps SDK 10.x by updating the podspec to allow for the new version and adding a new example application that targets iOS 16 to ensure compatibility. The changes are well-organized and clear. My only finding is a minor typo in the CHANGELOG.